1,797 research outputs found
Degradation of metallic surfaces under space conditions, with particular emphasis on hydrogen recombination processes
The widespread use of metallic structures in space technology brings risk of
degradation which occurs under space conditions. New types of materials
dedicated for space applications, that have been developed in the last decade,
are in majority not well tested for different space mission scenarios. Very
little is known how material degradation may affect the stability and
functionality of space vehicles and devices during long term space missions.
Our aim is to predict how the solar wind and electromagnetic radiation degrade
metallic structures. Therefore both experimental and theoretical studies of
material degradation under space conditions have been performed. The studies
are accomplished at German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Bremen (Germany) and
University of Zielona G\'{o}ra (Poland). The paper presents the results of the
theoretical part of those studies. It is proposed that metal bubbles filled
with Hydrogen molecular gas, resulting from recombination of the metal free
electrons and the solar protons, are formed on the irradiated surfaces. A
thermodynamic model of bubble formation has been developed. We study the
creation process of -bubbles as function of, inter alia, the metal
temperature, proton dose and energy. Our model has been verified by irradiation
experiments completed at the DLR facility in Bremen. Consequences of the bubble
formation are changes of the physical and thermo-optical properties of such
degraded metals. We show that a high surface density of bubbles (up to
) with a typical bubble diameter of m will
cause a significant increase of the metallic surface roughness. This may have
serious consequences to any space mission. Changes in the thermo-optical
properties of metallic foils are especially important for the solar sail
propulsion technology, ..
The DLR Complex Irradiation Facility (CIF)
The DLR Institute of Space Systems in Bremen has built a new facility to study the behavior of materials under complex irradiation and to estimate their degradation in a space environment. It is named Complex Irradiation Facility (CIF). CIF allows simultaneously irradiating samples with three light sources for the simulation of the spectrum of solar electromagnetic radiation. The light sources are a solar simulator with a Xe-lamp (wavelength range 300-1200nm), a deuterium-UV-source (112-200nm), and an Argon-gas-jet-VUV-simulator. The latter allows irradiating samples with shorter wavelengths below the limitation of any window material. The VUV-simulator has been validated at the PTB (Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt) in Berlin by calibration that uses synchrotron radiation in the wavelength range between 40 and 400nm. Beside the different light sources CIF provides also electron and proton sources. Electrons and protons are generated in a low energy range from 1 to 10 keV with currents from 1 to 100 nA and in a higher range from 10 to 100 keV with 0.1 to 100 µA. Both particle sources can be operated simultaneously. In order to model temperature variations as appear in free space, the sample can be cooled down to liquid Nitrogen and heated up to about 450 K during irradiation.
The complete facility has been manufactured in UHV-technology with metal sealing. It is free of organic compounds to avoid self-contamination. The different pumping systems achieve a final pressure of 1*1010 mbar (empty sample chamber)
Besides the installed radiation sensors that control the stability of the various radiation sources and an attached mass spectrometer for analyzing the outgassing processes in the chamber, the construction of CIF allows adding other in-situ measurement systems to measure parameters that are of the user’s interest. We are currently planning to develop an in-situ measurement system in order to determine changes in the optical properties of the samples caused by irradiation. Within this paper we will show the design of CIF in more detail and discuss the performance of the various radiation sources
H2 Blister formation on metallic surfaces - a candidate for fegradation processes in space
H2-blisters are metal bubbles filled with hydrogen molecular gas resulting from recombination processes of protons in metal lattice. Bubble formation depends on many physical parameters, for instance: proton energy, proton flux, or the temperature of an exposed sample. Up to now no metallic sample that has been exposed to conditions prevalent in the interplanetary medium has been returned to Earth. Therefore, a direct evidence that blistering appears in space is missing. However, blistering is certainly a candidate of degradation processes which may occur in space. It could play an important role in the solar sail technology, where the performance of the sail is significantly affected by both the sail geometry but especially by optical properties of sail materials. Thus, both theoretical and laboratory studies of the blistering process have to be performed.
The here presented model simulates the growth of molecular hydrogen bubbles on metallic surfaces. Additionally, it calculates the decrease of reflectivity of the by blistering degraded foils. First theoretical results show that the reflectivity of an Aluminum foil decreases by about 27% for a bubble surface density of 1500 cm-2 and an average bubble radius of 100 μm. Therefore, if blistering occurs, the propulsion performance of any sail-craft will be decreased by a significant factor
Molecular Hydrogen Bubbles Formation on Thin Vacuum Deposited Aluminum Layers after Proton Irradiation
Metals are the most common materials used in space
technology. Metal structures, while used in space, are
subjected to the full spectrum of the electromagnetic Radiation together with particle irradiation. Hence, they undergo degradation. Future space missions are planned to
proceed in the interplanetary space, where the protons of
the solar wind play a very destructive role on metallic surfaces.Unfortunately, their real degradation behavior is to
a great extent unknown.
Our aim is to predict materials’ behavior in such a
destructive environment. Therefore both, theoretical
and experimental studies are performed at the German
Aerospace Center (DLR) in Bremen, Germany.
Here, we report the theoretical results of those studies.
We examine the process of H2-bubble formation
on metallic surfaces. H2-bubbles are metal caps filled
with Hydrogen molecular gas resulting from recombination
processes of the metal free electrons and the solar
protons. A thermodynamic model of the bubble growth
is presented. Our model predicts e.g. the velocity of that
growth and the reflectivity of foils populated by bubbles.
Formation of bubbles irreversibly changes the surface
quality of irradiated metals. Thin metallic films are especially sensitive for such degradation processes. They are used e.g. in the solar sail propulsion technology. The Efficiency of that technology depends on the thermo-optical
properties of the sail materials. Therefore, bubble formation
processes have to be taken into account for the
planning of long-term solar sail missions
Heating of the Real Polar Cap of Radio Pulsars
The heating of the real polar cap surface of radio pulsars by the bombardment
of ultra-relativistic charges is studied. The real polar cap is a significantly
smaller area within or close by the conventional polar cap which is encircled
by the last open field lines of the dipolar field . It is surrounded
by those field lines of the small scale local surface field that
join the last open field lines of in a height of cm
above the cap. As the ratio of radii of the conventional and real polar cap
, flux conservation requires . For
rotational periods s, G creates a strong electric
potential gap that forms the inner accelerating region (IAR) in which charges
gain kinetic energies eV. This sets an upper limit for
the energy that back flowing charges can release as heat in the surface layers
of the real polar cap. Within the IAR, which is flown through with a dense
stream of extremely energetic charges, no stable atmosphere of hydrogen can
survive. Therefore, we consider the polar cap as a solidified "naked" surface
consisting of fully ionized iron ions. We discuss the physical situation at the
real polar cap, calculate its surface temperatures as functions of
and , and compare the results with X-ray observations of radio pulsars.Comment: Published in MNRA
Design and performance of a vacuum-UV simulator for material testing under space conditions
This paper describes the construction and performance of a VUV-simulator that
has been designed to study degradation of materials under space conditions. It
is part of the Complex Irradiation Facility at DLR in Bremen, Germany, that has
been built for testing of material under irradiation in the complete UV-range
as well as under proton and electron irradiation. Presently available
UV-sources used for material tests do not allow the irradiation with
wavelengths smaller than about nm where common Deuterium lamps show an
intensity cut-off. The VUV-simulator generates radiation by excitation of a
gas-flow with an electron beam. The intensity of the radiation can be varied by
manipulating the gas-flow and/or the electron beam.
The VUV simulator has been calibrated at three different gas-flow settings in
the range from nm to nm. The calibration has been made by the
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Berlin. The measured spectra
show total irradiance intensities from to mW (see Table
4.2) in the VUV-range, i.e. for wavelengths smaller than nm. They exhibit
a large number of spectral lines generated either by the gas-flow constituents
or by metal atoms in the residual gas which come from metals used in the source
construction. In the range from nm to nm where Deuterium lamps are
not usable, acceleration factors of to Solar Constants are reached
depending on the gas-flow setting. The VUV-simulator allows studies of general
degradation effects caused by photoionization and photodissociation as well as
accelerated degradation tests by use of intensities that are significantly
higher compared to that of the Sun at AU
The Complex Irradiation Facility at DLR-Bremen
All material exposed to interplanetary space conditions are subject to
degradation processes. For obvious reasons there is a great interest to study
these processes for materials that are used in satellite construction. However,
also the influence of particle and electromagnetic radiation on the weathering
of extraterrestrial rocks and on organic and biological tissues is the research
topic of various scientific disciplines. To strengthen the comprehensive and
systematic investigation of degradation processes a new laboratory, the complex
irradiation facility (CIF), has been designed, set up, tested, and put into
operation at the DLR-Institute of Space Systems in Bremen (Germany). The CIF
allows the simultaneous irradiation with three light sources and with a dual
beam irradiation system for the bombardment of materials with electrons and
protons having energies up to 100 keV. It is eminently suitable to perform a
large variety of irradiation procedures that are similar to those which appear
at different distances to the Sun. This paper is devoted to potential users in
order to inform them about the capabilities of the CIF
Time Evolution of the 3-D Accretion Flows: Effects of the Adiabatic Index and Outer Boundary Condition
We study a slightly rotating accretion flow onto a black hole, using the
fully three dimensional (3-D)numerical simulations. We consider hydrodynamics
of an inviscid flow, assuming a spherically symmetric density distribution at
the outer boundary and a small, latitude-dependent angular momentum. We
investigate the role of the adiabatic index and gas temperature, and the flow
behaviour due to non-axisymmetric effects. Our 3-D simulations confirm
axisymmetric results: the material that has too much angular momentum to be
accreted forms a thick torus near the equator and the mass accretion rate is
lower than the Bondi rate.
In our previous study of the 3-D accretion flows, for gamma=5/3, we found
that the inner torus precessed, even for axisymmetric conditions at large
radii. The present study shows that the inner torus precesses also for other
values of the adiabatic index: gamma=4/3, 1.2 and 1.01. However, the time for
the precession to set increases with decreasing gamma. In particular, for
gamma=1.01 we find that depending on the outer boundary conditions, the torus
may shrink substantially due to the strong inflow of the non-rotating matter
and the precession will have insufficient time to develop. On the other hand,
if the torus is supplied by the continuous inflow of the rotating material from
the outer radii, its inner parts will eventually tilt and precess, as it was
for the larger gamma's.Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures; accepted to ApJ; version with full resolution
figures may be downloaded from http://users.camk.edu.pl/agnes/publ_en.htm
Thermo-Optical Property Degradation of ITO-Coated Aluminized Polyimide Thin Films Under VUV and Low-Energy Proton Radiation
We studied thermo-optical property degradation of indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated aluminized polyimide thin films under exposure to vacuum ultraviolet radiation and low-energy (3 and 5 keV) protons during ground tests using the Complex Irradiation Facility at the DLR site in Bremen. Changes in solar absorption and thermal emission coefficients caused by the irradiation were analyzed. We report a significant increase in solar absorptance of the samples irradiated by protons. We also attempted to identify any defects on the surface of the samples. The study was motivated by a unique opportunity that is provided by the Complex Irradiation Facility to study the degradation effects induced by exposure to protons with an energy below 10 keV and short-wavelength light below 115 nm
Proton Spectra for the Interplanetary Space Derived From Different Environmental Models
Knowledge about the space radiation environment is crucial for the design and selection of materials and components used for space applications. This environment is characterized not only by the Sun’s electromagnetic radiation but also by charged particles categorized into solar wind, solar energetic particles (SEP) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Especially for material engineering and qualification testing, differential and integral spectra for particle energies ranging from keVs to GeVs are required. Up to now, a wide variety of models is available, whereas it is difficult to keep the overview. Although, e.g., the European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS) standard includes instructions on how to investigate particle radiation, it does not provide an overall view. This paper shall support those in need of a comprehensive overview and provide comprehensive information about proton radiation spectra that can potentially be of use for space engineering tasks ranging from mission analysis to material and component design as well as qualification testing. The publicly accessible platforms OLTARIS, SPENVIS, and OMERE were examined for available proton spectra to be used. Exemplary, the particle radiation of solar cycle 23 is considered, which comprehends the years 1996–2008. A common drawback of the available models is their restriction to the MeV-range. Particularly when materials are directly exposed to the space environment, low energetic particles, specifically, the keV-range, are of high interest, since these particle transfer all their energy to the material. Therefore, additional data sources were used in order to include the usually neglected low energy protons into the derived spectrum. The data was transferred to common set of units and eventually could be compared and merged together. This includes a comparison of the most common models, incorporating data foundation, applicability, and accessibility. As a result, extensive and continues spectra are fitted that take all different models with its different energies and fluxes into account. Each covered year is represented by a fitted spectrum including confidence level as applicable. For solar active and quite times spectra are provided
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